ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA

ELEVENTH EDITION

VOLUME XX

the French language. The ode, however, died in France almost as rapidly as it had come to life; it hardly survived the 16th Saint-Amant nor of Malherbe possessed much poetic life. Early century, and neither the examples of J. B. Rousseau nor of in the 19th century the form was resumed, and we have the Odes composed between 1817 and 1824 by Victor Hugo, the de Laprade (collected in 1844), and the brilliant Odes funamphilosophical and religious odes of Lamartine, those of Victor bulesques of Théodore de Banville (1857).

ODE (Gr. won, from ȧeider, to sing), a form of stately and elaborate lyrical verse. As its name shows, the original signification of an ode was a chant, a poem arranged to be sung to an instrumental accompaniment. There were two great divisions of the Greek melos or song; the one the personal utterance of the poet, the other, as Professor G. G. Murray says, "the choric song of his band of trained dancers." in what have been called odes, but the former, in the hands Each of these culminated of Alcaeus, Anacreon and Sappho, came closer to what modern criticism knows as lyric, pure and simple. On the other hand, the choir-song, in which the poet spoke for himself, but always in its strict form, were the magnificent Epithalamium and The earliest odes in the English language, using the word supported, or interpreted, by a chorus, led up to what is now known as ode proper. It was Alcman, as is supposed, who elaborate lyric, in stanzas of rhymed irregular verse, to which Prothalamium of Spenser. Ben Jonson introduced a kind of first gave to his poems a strophic arrangement, and the strophe he gave the name of ode; and some of his disciples, in particular has come to be essential to an ode. Stesichorus, Ibycus and Randolph, Cartwright and Herrick, followed him. The great Simonides of Ceos led the way to the two great masters of ode "Hymn on the Morning of Christ's Nativity," begun by Milton among the ancients, Pindar and Bacchylides. The form and in 1629, may be considered an ode, and his lyrics "On Time" verse-arrangement of Pindar's great lyrics have regulated the and "At a Solemn Music " type of the heroic ode. It is now perceived that they are consciously composed in very elaborate measures, and that each is poetry the ode consciously built up, on a solemn theme and as. may claim to belong to the same category. But it was Cowley who introduced into English the result of a separate act of creative ingenuity, but each definitely as possible on the ancient Greek pattern. Being in preserving an absolute consistency of form. So far from being, exile in France about 1645, and at a place where the only book as critics down to Cowley and Boileau, and indeed to the time of August Böckh, supposed, utterly licentious in their irregu-imitate the Epinikia. He conceived, he says, that this was was the text of Pindar, Cowley set himself to study and to larity, they are more like the canzos and sirventes of the medieval troubadours than any modern verse. "the noblest and the highest kind of writing in verse," but seem to have lost the secret of these complicated harmonies, the rules were which Pindar had followed. He supposed the The Latins themselves he was no more perspicacious than others in observing what and they made no serious attempt to imitate the odes of Pindar and Bacchylides. It is probable that the Greek odes gradually in which all the discipline of prosody was disregarded. In 1656 Greek poet to be carried away on a storm of heroic emotion, lost their musical character; they were accompanied on the Cowley published his Pindaric odes, in which he had not even flute, and then declaimed without any music at all. The ode, regarded the elements of the Greek structure, with strophe, as it was practised by the Romans, returned to the personally antistrophe and epode. His idea of an ode, which he impressed lyrical form of the Lesbian lyrists. This was exemplified, in with such success upon the British nation that it has never the most exquisite way, by Horace and Catullus; the former been entirely removed, was of a lofty and tempestuous piece imitated, and even translated, Alcaeus and Anacreon, the latter of indefinite poetry, conducted" without sail or oar" in whatever was directly inspired by Sappho. shapeless pieces became very popular after the Restoration, direction the enthusiasm of the poet chose to take it. These and enjoyed the sanction of Dryden in three or four irregular odes which are the best of their kind in the English language. Prior, in a humorous ode on the taking of Namur (1695), imitated the French type of this poem, as cultivated by Boileau. In in which many of the critical errors of Cowley were corrected; 1705 Congreve published a Discourse on the Pindarique Ode, and Congreve wrote odes, in strophe, antistrophe and epode

The earliest modern writer to perceive the value of the antique ode was Ronsard, who attempted with as much energy as he could exercise to recover the fire and volume of Pindar; his principal experiments date from 1550 to 1552. The poets of the Pleiad recognized in the ode one of the forms of verse with which French prosody should be enriched, but they went too far, and in their use of Greek words crudely introduced, and in their quantitative experiments, they offended the genius of

2a

See F. Montanus, Der Odenwald (Mainz, 1884); T. Lorentzen, Der Odenwald in Wort und Bild (Stuttgart, 1904); G. Volk, Der Odenwald und seine Nachbargebiete (Stuttgart, 1900), and Windhaus, Führer durch den Odenwald (Darmstadt, 1903).

which were the earliest of their kind in English; unhappily | Rodenstein, the reputed home of the wild huntsman, and near they were not very poetical. He was imitated by Ambrose Grasellenbach, the spot where Siegfried of the Nibelungenlied Philips, but then the tide of Cowley-Pindarism rose again and is said to have been slain. swept the reform away. The attempts of Gilbert West (17031756) to explain the prosody of Pindar (1749) inspired Gray to write his "Progress of Poesy" (1754) and "The Bard " (1756). Collins, meanwhile, had in 1747 published a collection of odes devised in the Aeolian or Lesbian manner. The odes of Mason and Akenside were more correctly Pindaric, but frigid and formal. The odes of Wordsworth, Coleridge and Tennyson are entirely irregular. Shelley desired to revive the pure manner of the Greeks, but he understood the principle of the form so little that he began his noble "Ode to Naples with two epodes, passed on to two strophes, and then indulged in four successive antistrophes. Coventry Patmore, in 1868, printed a volume of Odes, which he afterwards enlarged; these were irregularly built up on a musical system, the exact consistency of which is not always apparent. Finally Swinburne, although some of his odes, like those of Keats, are really elaborate lyrics, written in a succession of stanzas identical in form, has cultivated the Greek form also, and some of his political odes follow very closely the type of Bacchylides and Pindar. See Philipp August Böckh, De metris Pindari (1811); Wilhelm Christ, Metrik der Griechen und Römer (1874); Edmund Gosse, English Odes (1881).. (E. G.) ODENKIRCHEN, a town of Germany, in the Prussian Rhine province, 21 m. by rail S.W. of Düsseldorf, and at the junction of lines to Munich, Gladbach and Stolberg. Pop. (1905) 16,808. It has a Roman Catholic church, an Evangelical one, a synagogue and several schools. Its principal industries are spinning, weaving, tanning and dyeing. Odenkirchen became a town in 1856. See Wiedemann, Geschichte der ehemaligen Herrschaft und des Hauses Odenkirchen (Odenkirchen, 1879).

ODENSE, a city of Denmark, the chief town of the amt (county) of its name, which forms the northern part of the island of Fünen (Fyen). Pop. (1901) 40,138. The city lies 4 m. from Odense Fjord on the Odense Aa, the main portion on the north side of the stream, and the industrial Albani quarter on the south side. It has a station on the railway route between Copenhagen and Jutland and Schleswig-Holstein via Korsör. A canal, 15 to 21 ft. deep, gives access to the town from the fjord. St Canute's cathedral, formerly connected with the great Benedictine monastery of the same name, is one of the largest and finest buildings of its kind in Denmark. It is constructed of brick in a pure Gothic style. Originally dating from 1081-1093, it was rebuilt in the 13th century. Under the altar lies Canute (Knud), the patron saint of Denmark, who intended to dispute with William of Normandy the possession of England, but was slain in an insurrection at Odense in 1085; Kings John and Christian II. are also buried within the walls. Our Lady's church, built in the 13th century and restored in 1851-1852 and again in 1864, contains a carved altarpiece (16th century) by Claus Berg of Lübeck. Odense Castle was erected by Frederick IV., who died there in 1730. In Albani are tanneries, iron-foundries and machine-shops. Exports, mostly agricultural produce (butter, bacon, eggs); imports, iron, petroleum, coal, yarn and timber.

Odense, or Odinsey, originally Odinsoe, i.e. Odin's island, is one of the oldest cities of Denmark. St Canute's shrine was a great resort of pilgrims throughout the middle ages. In the 16th century the town was the meeting-place of several parliaments, and down to 1805 it was the seat of the provincial assembly of Fünen.

ODENWALD, a wooded mountainous region of Germany, almost entirely in the grand duchy of Hesse, with small portions in Bavaria and Baden. It stretches between the Neckar and the Main, and is some 50 m. long by 20 to 30 broad. Its highest points are the Katzenbuckel (2057 ft.), the Neunkircher Höhe (1985 ft.) and the Krähberg (1965 ft.). The wooded heights overlooking the Bergstrasse are studded with castles and medieval ruins, some of which are associated with some of the most memorable adventures of German tradition. Among them are

ODER (Lat. Viadua; Slavonic, Vjodr), a river of Germany, rises in Austria on the Odergebirge in the Moravian tableland at a height of 1950 ft. above the sea, and 14 m. to the east of Olmütz. From its source to its mouth in the Baltic it has a total length of 560 m., of which 480 m. are navigable for barges, and it drains an area of 43,300 sq. m. The first 45 m. of its course lie within Moravia; for the next 15 m. it forms the frontier between Prussian and Austrian Silesia, while the remaining 500 m. belong to Prussia, where it traverses the provinces of Silesia, Brandenburg and Pomerania. It flows at first towards the south-east, but on quitting Austria turns, towards the north-west, maintaining this direction as far as Frankfort-onOder, beyond which its general course is nearly due north. As far as the frontier the Oder flows through a well-defined valley, but, after passing through the gap between the Moravian mountains, and the Carpathians and entering the Silesian plain, its valley is wide and shallow and its banks generally low. In its lower course it is divided into numerous branches, forming many islands. The main channel follows the left side of the valley and finally expands into the Pommersches, or Stettiner Haff, which is connected with the sea by three arms, the Peene, the Swine and the Dievenow, forming the islands of Usedom and Wollin. The Swine, in the middle, is the main channel for navigation. The chief tributaries of the Oder on the left bank are the Oppa, Glatzer Neisse, Katzbach, Bober and Lausitzer Neisse; on the right bank the Malapane, Bartsch and Warthe. Of these the only one of importance for navigation is the Warthe, which through the Netze is brought into communication with the Vistula. The Oder is also connected by canals with the Havel and the Spree. The most important towns on its banks are Ratibor, Oppeln, Brieg, Breslau, Glogau, Frankfort, Cüstrin and Stettin, with the seaport of Swinemünde at its mouth. Glogau, Cüstrin and Swinemünde are strongly fortified.

The earliest important undertaking with a view of improving the waterway was due to the initiative of Frederick the Great, who recommended the diversion of the river into a new and straight channel in the swampy tract of land known as the Oderbruch, near Cüstrin. The work was carried out in the years 1746-1753, a large tract of marshland being brought under cultivation, a considerable detour cut off, and the main stream successfully confined to the canal, 12 m. in length, which is known as the New Oder. The river at present begins to be navigable for barges at Ratibor, where it is about 100 ft. wide, and for larger vessels at Breslau, and great exertions are made by the government to deepen and keep open the channel, which still shows a strong tendency to choke itself with sand in certain places. The alterations made of late years consist of three systems of works:-(1) The canalization of the main stream (4 m.) at Breslau, and from the confluence of the Glatzer Neisse to the mouth of the Klodnitz canal, a distance of over 50 m. These engineering works were completed in 1896. (2) In 1887-1891 the Oder-Spree canal was made to connect the two rivers named." The canal leaves the Oder at Fürstenberg (132 m. above its mouth) at an altitude of 93 ft., and after 15 m. enters the Friedrich-Wilhelm canal (134 ft.). After coinciding with this for 7 m., it makes another cut of 5 m. to the Spree at Fürstenwalde (126 ft.). Then it follows the Spree for 12 m., and at Gross Tränke (121 ft.) passes out and goes to Lake Seddin (106 ft.), 15 m. (3) The deepening and regulation of the mouth and lower course of the stream, consisting of the Kaiserfahrt, 3 m. long, affording a waterway between the Stettiner Haff and the river Swine for the largest ocean-going vessels; a new cut, 41 m. long, from Vietzig on the Stettiner Haff to Wollin Island; the Parnitz-Dunzig and Dunzig-Oder canals, together 1 m. long

exports are valued at 10 to 11 millions sterling annually, and the imports at 6 to 9 millions sterling, about 84% of all the imports into Russia. Grain, and especially wheat, is the chief árticle of export. The chief imports are raw cotton, iron, agricultural machinery, coal, chemicals, jute, copra and lead. A new and spacious harbour, especially for the petroleum trade, was constructed in 1894-1900.J

History.-The bay of Odessa was colonized by Greeks at a very learly period, and their ports-Istrianorum Portus and Isiacorum Portus on the shores of the bay, and Odessus at the mouth of the Tiligul liman-carried on a lively trade with the neighbouring steppes. These towns disappeared in the 3rd and 4th centuries, and for ten centuries no settlements in these tracts are mentioned. In the 14th century this region belonged to the Lithuanians, and in 1396 Olgerd, prince of Lithuania, defeated in battle three Tatar chiefs, one of whom, Khaji Beg or Bey, had recently founded, at the place now occupied by Odessa, a fort which received his name. The Lithuanians, and subsequently the Poles, kept the country under their dominion until the 16th century, when it was seized by the Tatars, who still permitted, however, the Lithuanians to gather salt in the neighbouring lakes. Later on the Turks left a garrison here, and founded in 1764 the fortress Yani-dunya. In 1789 the Russians, under the French captain de Ribas, took the fortress by assault. In 1791 Khaji-bey and the Ochakov region were ceded to Russia. De Ribas and the French engineer Voland were entrusted in 1794 with the erection of a town and the construction of a port at Khaji-bey. In 1803 Odessa became the chief town of a separate municipal district or captaincy, the first captain being Armand, duc de Richelieu, who did very much for the development of the young city and its improvement as a seaport. In 1824 Odessa became the seat of the governors-general of Novorossia and Bessarabia. In 1866 it was brought into railway connexion with Kiev and Kharkov via Balta, and with Jassy in Rumania. 1854 it was unsuccessfully attacked by the Anglo-Russian fleet, In and in 1876-1877 by the Turkish, also unsuccessfully. In 19051906 the city was the scene of violent revolutionary disorders, marked by a naval insurrection. (P. A. K.; J. T. BE.)

ODEUM (Gr. Odeion), the name given to a concert hall in ancient Greece. In a general way its construction was similar to that of a theatre, but it was only a quarter of the size and was provided with a roof for acoustic purposes, a characteristic difference. The oldest known Odeum in Greece was the Skias at Sparta, so called from its resemblance to the top of a parasol, said to have been erected by Theodorus of Samos (600 B.C.); in Athens an Odeum near the spring Enncacrunus on the Ilissus was referred to the age of Peisistratus, and appears to have been rebuilt or restored by Lycurgus (c. 330 B.C.). This is probably the building which, according to Aristophanes (Wasps, 1109), was used for judicial purposes, for the distribution of corn, and even for the billeting of soldiers. The building which served as a model for later similar constructions was the Odeum of Pericles (completed c. 445) on the south-eastern slope of the rock of the Acropolis, whose conical roof, a supposed imitation of the tent of Xerxes, was made of the masts of captured Persian ships. It was destroyed by Aristion, the so-called tyrant of Athens, at the time of the rising against Sulla (87), and rebuilt by Ariobarzanes II., king of Cappadocia (Appian, Mithrid. 38). The most magnificent example of its kind, however, was the Odeum built on the south-west cliff of the Acropolis at Athens about A.D. 160 by the wealthy sophist and rhetorician Herodes Atticus in memory of his wife, considerable remains of which are still to be seen. It had accommodation for 8000 persons, and the ceiling was constructed of beautifully carved beams of cedar wood, probably with an open space in the centre to admit | the light. It was also profusely decorated with pictures and other works of art. Similar buildings also existed in other parts of Greece; at Corinth, also the gift of Herodes Atticus; at Patrae, where there was Apollo; at Smyrna, Tralles, and other towns in Asia Minor. a famous statue of The first Odeum in Rome was built by Domitian, a second by Trajan.

the 8th

century), a peak of the Vosges Mountains in Germany, in the ODILIENBERG, or OTTILIENBERG (called Allitona imperial province of Alsace-Lorraine, immediately W. of the town of Barr. Its crest (2500 ft.) is surmounted by the ruins of the ancient Roman wall, the Heidenmauer, and by the convent and church of St Odilia, or Ottilia, the patron saint of Alsace, whose The convent is said to have been founded by Duke Eticho I., remains rest within. It is thus the object of frequent pilgrimages. in honour of his daughter St Odilia, about the end of the 7th century, and it is certain that it existed at the time of Charlemagne. Destroyed during the wars of the middle ages, it was rebuilt by the Premonstrants at the beginning of the 17th century, and was acquired later by the bishop of Strassburg, who restored the building and the adjoining church, in 1853. Since 1899 the convent has contained a museum of antiquities.

Duché mérovingien d'Alsace et la légende de Sainte Odile (Nancy, See Reinhard, Le Mont Ste Odile (Strassburg, 1888); Pfister, Le 1892); and R. Forrer, Der Odilienberg (Strassburg, 1899). pantheon. He is represented as an old man with one eye. ODIN, or OTHIN (O. Norse Óðinn), the chief god of the Northern Frigg is his wife, and several of the gods, including Thor and Balder, are his sons. He is also said to have been the father of several legendary kings, and more than one princely family claimed descent from him. His exploits and adventures form the theme of a number of the Eddaic poems, and also of several stories in the prose Edda. In all these stories his character is distinguished rather by wisdom and cunning than by martial prowess, and reference is very frequently made to his skill in poetry and magic. In Ynglinga Saga he is represented as reigning in Sweden, where he established laws for his people. In notices relating to religious observances Odin appears chiefly as the giver of victory or as the god of the dead. He is frequently introduced in legendary sagas, generally in disguise, imparting weapons by which victory is assured. In return he receives secret instructions to his favourites or presenting them with the souls of the slain who in his palace, Valhalla (q.v.), live a life of fighting and feasting, similar to that which has been their to Odin, especially prisoners taken in battle. desire on earth. Human sacrifices were very frequently offered in the poem Hávamál the god himself is represented as sacrificed method of sacrifice was by hanging the victim on a tree; and The commonest in this way. The worship of Odin seems to have prevailed chiefly, if not solely, in military circles, i.e. among princely families and the retinues of warriors attached to them. It is probable, however, that the worship of Odin was once common to most of the Teutonic peoples. To the Anglo-Saxons he was known as Woden (q.v.) and to the Germans as Wodan (Wuotan), which are the regular forms of the same name in those languages. It is largely owing to the peculiar character of this god and the prominent position which he occupies that the mythology of the north presents so striking a contrast to that of Greece. See TEUTONIC PEOPLES, ad fin.; and WODEN.

(H. M. C.).

this dignity about 715, and his territory included the southODO, or EUDES (d. c. 736), king, or duke, of Aquitaine, obtained western part of Gaul from the Loire to the Pyrenees. In 718 he appears as the ally of Chilperic II., king of Neustria, who was fighting against the Austrasian mayor of the palace, Charles Martel; but after the defeat of Chilperic at Soissons in 719 he probably made peace with Charles by surrendering to him the Neustrian king and his treasures. Odo was also obliged to fight the Saracens who invaded the southern part of his kingdom, and inflicted a severe defeat upon them at Toulouse in 721. When, however, he was again attacked by Charles Martel, the Saracens renewed their ravages, and Odo was defeated near Bordeaux; he was compelled to crave protection from Charles, who took up this struggle and gained his momentous victory at Poitiers in 732. In 735 the king abdicated, and was succeeded by his son Hunold.

Robert the Strong, count of Anjou (d. 866), and is sometimes ODO, or EUDES (d. 898), king of the Franks, was a son of referred to as duke of France and also as count of Paris. For his skill and bravery in resisting the attacks of the Normans