Austri Forte trabem nanctus validum coniecit in hostem Exemplumque fuit.' The word stands for μovávvxos.

12. Frontonis. Some patron who lent his hall for recitation to poor poets. That the halls of rich men were sometimes planted with plane trees we learn from Pliny i. 3 ‘Quid platanon opacissimus ?'

marmora, not 'marble statues,' but 'marble work' generally, referring specially to the marble slabs let into or used as facing to the brick walls.

13. assiduo lectore. For the ablative of the personal agent without 'a' or 'ab' cf. Hor. Ep. i. 1. 94, and Od. i. 6. 2 (where, however, 'aliti' has been suggested as a dative of the agent). Here, however, the absence of 'a' or 'ab' seems explicable by the fact that the expression stands for assiduitate lectorum,' and the construction therefore follows that of the ordinary impersonal ablative of the agent. The verse is a parody of Vergil, Georg. iii. 328 cantu querulae rumpunt arbusta cicadae.'

15-22. 'You must know, then, that I have flinched from the rod as well as others; I have learnt to recite: I have practised "suasoriae," and in discussing Sulla's conduct, I took the view that it would have been better for him, after attaining the dictatorship, to retire on his laurels. Would it not then be mistaken clemency for one so fitted for the task as I am, to refrain from writing, even though I should write merely to revenge myself?' Such were the regular subjects of these 'suasoriae:' a public man's public conduct was discussed and commented upon. Dio Cassius represents such another discussion as taking place in 726 A. U.C. in Augustus' council of ministers: Agrippa recommending the restoration of freedom: Maecenas insisting on the maintenance of the monarchy.

16. altum dormiret, a cognate accusative; the object consisting in a substantival adjective connected in sense with the verb.

18. vatibus (satirical), 'inspired bards.' 'Vates' is a word which, meaning originally a 'singer,' was deemed less honourable than ‘poeta' by Ennius: vide Munro, Lucretius i. 102. But Vergil and Horace brought the name into repute. Thus the idea here is 'You meet with so many bards, all of whom say that they are inspired.'

periturae, i.e. which will be spoiled by some one else, if not by myself.

19. decurrere. Used strictly of military manoeuvres: as we might say, 'to parade' in this field.

20. 'Aurunca's great foster-child' is Lucilius, the father of Roman personal Satire, born 148 A.D. at Suessa Aurunca; cf. Quintilian viii. 1. 3 'Quare et verba omnia et vox huius alumnum urbis oleant.' On the bravery with which he attacked abuses in high places cf. Persius i. 115, and Horace, Sat. ii. 1. 69 and ib. line 29 ‘Lucili ritu, nostrum melioris utroque.' He was 'magnus' alike by fame and family, being an eques, and the great-uncle on the mother's side of Pompeius Magnus. Pliny, N. H. (Preface) speaks of him as being the first to form a Roman style, 'Primus condidit stili nasum.' The word 'alumnus' is a passive

6

participial formation, meaning the one nurtured,' and its formation is similar to that of the Greek past participle in -μevos.

22-80. 'I am naturally enough driven to Satire by the unnatural circumstances of our social life; look at the effeminacy of the men, the unnatural manliness of the women; the arrogance of the upstarts.'

22. Maevia, unknown; she appears in the amphitheatre fighting wild beasts. Cf. Mart. vii. 67; Tac. Ann. xv. 32 'Feminarum inlustrium senatorumque plures per arenam foedati sunt.'

Tuscum, as particularly fierce. Cf. Statius, Silvae iv. 6. 10 'Cur Tuscus aper generosior Umbro.' Juvenal seems to have been familiar with the whole passage.

23. nuda mamma, in the amphitheatre like an Amazon. Cf. Verg. Aen. i. 492; xi. 648 'At medias inter caedes exsultat Amazon Unum exserta latus.'

Cf. Mart. vii. 64 Qui tonsor

24. unus, probably Cinnamus. fueras tota notissimus urbe Et post hoc dominae munere factus eques.' On the scorn with which aristocratic Rome looked down on upstarts see Becker, Gallus iii. 136.

25. This line recurs again at x. 226. It is probably a parody on Vergil, Ecl. i. 29 Candidior postquam tondenti barba cadebat.'

gravis to be taken with 'sonabat;' 'beneath whose clipping shears my beard sounded so grandly in my younger days.' 'Gravis' seems to refer to the weight which he felt his beard lent him; it can hardly mean 'superfluous,' as Mr. Lewis would take it. 'Gravis' may refer to the sound, as 'sonus gravis' is opposed to 'sonus acutus,' but a reference to the Roman 'gravitas' which he thought was lent him by his beard seems more likely.

26. pars Niliacae plebis. This 'spawn of the canaille of the Delta,' hateful at all times to a genuine Roman, was doubly hated since Cleopatra's time.

Verna is a slave born and bred at Canopus. 'Verna' probably for vesna, from the root 'vas,' 'to dwell,' seen in 'sa-vas-tar,' the probable origin of soror; lit. 'she who dwells with the brother.'

27. Crispinus, spoken of in Satire iv. I; he was made an eques by Domitian. He began by being a seller of fish in Egypt. Martial has an Epigram on him, vii. 99.

umero revocante. His shoulder 'hitching up,' or more properly 'hitching forward.' The 'lacernae ' were light purple cloaks worn over the 'toga;' cf. Sat. ix. 28. Crispinus, with an effeminate movement of the shoulders, jerked his lacerna forward. Ammianus Marcellinus, xiv. 6. § 9, gives as some of the signs and causes of the decadence of Rome, the love of statues, dress, and wealth; and, referring to the 'lacernae' here in question, he says that men make a show of them, 'Expandentes eas crebris agitationibus maximeque sinistra ut longiores fimbriae tunicaeque perspicue luceant varietate liciorum effigiatae in species animalium multiformes.' Thus, if the 'lacerna' dragged too much behind, the pattern of the animal delineated in front would disappear.

28. He has a special light ring for summer; and he shakes his hand in the wind to cool this; at the same time the motion serves to make his ring flash in the sun. Martial speaks of the heaviness of the rings worn by some Romans, xi. 37 'Annulus iste tuus fuerat modo cruribus aptus: Non eadem digitis pondera conveniunt.'

30. Satura, said by the grammarians to have originally signified a 'hotch potch' of different ingredients served up together; and the original form is said to have been 'lanx satura;' this will answer to the 'farrago' or 'medley' (i. e. of pictures of contemporary society) which Juvenal expressly declares his works to be. Per saturam' is used in the meaning 'all in one mass.' See the note on 'Satura.'

iniquae, 'unfair,' because admitting such inequalities. 31. tam ferreus, i. e. case-hardened.

33. The palanquin is filled by himself, though there was room for two, as we learn from Suet. Nero 9. Weidner supposes that under the denomination of 'delator' the M. Aquilius Regulus is meant who is spoken of by Pliny, Ep. i. 5. 14, and in iv. 2. 4, in terms which would suit this passage. On the 'delatores' see Tac. Hist. iv. 42. These 'delatores,' like the French mouchards under the second Empire, were amongst the ‘instrumenta imperii.' On Tiberius' encouragement of the 'delatores' see Merivale, Hist. of the Roman Empire v. 265, and on M. Aquilius Regulus see voi. vii. 387.

34. It was the policy of the Empire to suppress the nobility. They were successively persecuted by Tiberius, Nero, and Domitian, especially the last. Cf. Sat. iv. 85 sq.

The expression rapturus quod superest de nobilitate comesa reminds us of Nil habuit Codrus, quis enim negat; et tamen illud Perdidit infelix totum nihil' Sat. iii. 208.

35. Massa, in 70 A. D., Procurator of Africa: a notorious 'delator.' Cf. Tac. Hist. iv. 50. Martial speaks of him, xii. 29, as 'fur nummorum.' Herennius Senecio and Pliny accused him 'repetundarum,' after his proconsulate in Baetica, and he was condemned.

Cf. Plin.

36. Mettius Carus was another informer equally notorious, who procured the condemnation of Herennius Senecio in 73 A.D. Ep. i. 5. 3.

44. Beer alleges that the reading of P. is Lugudunensem, and we have therefore adopted it into the text. He gives many instances of the word occurring in the form Lugudunum' on coins and in inscriptions, e. g. Cohen, Descr. Hist. des Monnaies Imp. i. 51. 4, and Dio Cassius, xlvi. 5o, who expressly speaks of the town as Λουγούδουνον μὲν ὀνομασθέν, νῦν δὲ Λούγδουνον καλούμενον. A terra-cotta medallion found in Orange represents the genius of Lugudunum with sceptre and cornucopia; at its feet sits a raven on a rock; see Froehner, Les Musées de France pl. xv. n. 2, and p. 59 f. These birds are supposed to have been the symbols of the Celtic God Lugus (answering to the Roman Mercurius), gen. Lugovas (Irish Lug, gen. Loga); thus Lugů-dunon will 'Lugu's festivals.' This etymology was proposed by Arbois de Jubainville

Revue archéologique, N. S. (1878) p. 388, and is approved by Beer. The name of the god Lugus is preserved in the British local name Lugo-vallo, the present Carlisle (Itinerarium Antonini p. 467, 2); and a Celtic name Lugu-magus='field of Lugus' has given us the modern Louth. Others have seen in 'lugu' the old Irish lau’= Greek èλaxú-s, 'small;' so that Lugudunum would = Littleton.

45. iecur. The seat of the strongest passions, as 'cor' was the seat of wit. Cf. Hor. Od. i. 13, 4 ' fervens difficili bile tumet iecur.' 46. premit, 'jostles,' 'treads on the heels of.'

49. Marius Priscus was tried and condemned to banishment in 100 A.D. for his extortions in the province of Africa, which were carried out on almost as extensive a scale as those of Verres in Sicily. Cf. Plin. Ep. ii. 11. Pliny, in conjunction with Tacitus, accused him 'de repetundis.' We gather that he lived comfortably enough in his exile on his ill-gotten gains; so that the condemnation did little good. Cf. Plin. Ep. iii. 4. 8, etc. To dine before the ninth hour was unusual. See Mart. iv. 8. 6.

exul, from 'ex' and the root 'sal,' seen in salire.

50. The province gets its verdict and suffers all the same.

51. This is worthy of the midnight oil of a Horace (born at Venusia). Horace expressly tells us that, like Lucilius, Juvenal's model, he intended to satirise persons. Cf. Hor. Sat. ii. 1. 46 ‘Qui me commorit melius non tangere, clamo!'

52. agitem, 'deal with,' ' treat of.'

sed quid magis? Nay, what should I rather choose to treat of than this? Should it be of the fables of Hercules or trivial tales about Diomede, etc., when all the time such doings are in vogue with us?' With Heracleas fabulas' is understood, just as Mostellaria stands for fabula Mostellaria.' Cf. Mart. iv. 49 and x. 4, where the same views are expressed.

53. mugitum labyrinthi, the bellowing of the Minotaur in the Cretan maze.

54. puero, Icarus: fabrum volantem, Daedalus: but the language is satirical; as we might say 'the flying joiner.' 'Puero' is the ablative of the instrument, seen in such cases as 'testibus convictum esse,' where the persons are looked on merely as the means. Cf. note on line 13.

58. When a young nobleman looks for the command of a cohort, though he has ruined himself by furious driving along the Flaminian Way, a true charioteer, for he did not disdain to hold the reins while he flaunted his skill before his masculine mistress.'

cura and 'curare' are military words expressive of military commands; cf. Tac. Hist. ii. 24. curam cohortis, i. e. a tribuneship in the army.

59. caret naturally follows donavit, having virtually a perfect sense, ' and he has lost.' The present after 'dum' is regular after a perfect clause, equivalent to a participial phrase. Cf. the use of the French 'qui' with a finite verb. Cf. notes on iii. 10. v. 94.

61. Flaminiam. The great northern road to Ariminum.

Automedon. He in fact imitates a regular charioteer; as we might say a regular Jehu.' Automedon was proverbial from such passages as Verg. Aen. ii. 477 ‘Equorum agitator Achillis armiger Automedon.' nam gives the reason for Juvenal's styling him a regular charioteer or professional; he was not ashamed to drive himself. Juvenal was no admirer of those who witch the world with noble horsemanship,' and held driving oneself to be inconsistent with the traditional Roman 'gravitas.'

62. lacernatae. His lady friend had donned a man's 'lacerna.'

64. He has now a ‘lectica hexaphoros;' in a short time he will have an octaphoros:' see Martial vi. 84. Catullus was able to save enough in Bithynia, he tells us (x. 20), ‘octo homines parare rectos Ad lecticam.'

65. hinc atque inde: for the more classical hinc atque hinc.'

The cathedra was a woman's lounge, Mart. iii. 63, and the occupant was not ashamed to be seen in it: nay, he actually drew back the curtains that he might be seen.

66. He puts you much in mind of Maecenas that prince of loungers.' Cf. Sat. xii. 39 and Sen. Ep. 114.

67. signator, falso. A forger, who by knavery, viz. a short will and a wet seal, has made himself luxurious and wealthy. Exiguis tabulis and gemma uda are an expansion of 'falso.' Others, like W., take signator falso' together; he explains 'falso' as a dative, 'the signatary to a forged document.' Others take 'falso' as an adverb: but the instances of an adverb following a substantive are rare, though see Nägelsbach, L. Stil. § 75. Some editors have adopted Markland's conjecture 'signator falsi.'

68. The will was short; the whole property was transferred to him; the wetting of the gemma or seal seems to refer to some facility for opening the will to see if the provisions were satisfactory: at least the lines of Ovid, Am. ii. 15, seem to speak of a 'gemma sicca' as ' tenax.'

We have adopted fecerit, with Ribbeck and Beer. It has good MS. authority, and is certainly more elegant, more natural, and more in Juvenal's style than fecerat.' Beer points out that the scribe who wrote the Pithoean Codex is not unfrequently guilty of writing a vowel wrong from his eye catching the same vowel in a preceding or following word.

69. occurrit, there meets you.'

70. viro sitiente; abl. abs. There seems no reason to suppose with W. that viro is the dative and that eo is to be supplied with sitiente.

rubetam is poison procured from the bramble frog (from 'rubus'), supposed to be very poisonous. Cf. Pliny, H. N. xxv. 76.

71. An improved Lucusta. Lucusta was a Gallic woman suborned by Nero to poison Britannicus and by Agrippina to poison Claudius. Cf. Tac. Ann. xii. 66 and xiii. 15, and especially Suet. Nero 33.