SUBTRACTION OF FEDERAL MONEY. 135. RULE. The same as for the Subtraction of Decimals.(124) QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE. 1. A man bought a pair of oxen for $76, and sold them again for $81.75; how much did he gain? Ans. $5.75. 2. Take 1 mill from $100, what remains? 3. I bought 5 yds. of cloth at $5 a yard, and paid six 5 dollar bills; who must receive change, and how much? 4. A man bought 100 lbs. of wool at 33 cents a pound, and sold the whole for $31.494 how much did he lose? 5. A person having $200, lost 2 dimes of it; how much had he left? 6. A person bought 24 yds. of cloth at $1.50 per yard; and paid $26.55, how much remains unpaid? Ans. $9.45. 7. I bought 6 yards of cloth at 76 cents a yard, and gave a 5 dollar bill; how much change must I receive? 8. How much must be added to 83 cents to make it $5? DIVISION OF FEDERAL MONEY. 136. RULE.-The same as for the Division of Decimals. (128) QUESTIONS FOR PRACTICE. 1. If 24 lb. of tea cost $7.92 a bushel, what did each man what is that a pound? pay, and what was each's share of the salt? Ans. $0.33. 2. If 125 bushels of wheat cost $100.25, what is it a bushel?" 3. Six men, in company, buy 27 bush, of salt, at $1.67 7. Divide $7 between 9 men,what is each man's share? Ans. $0.777. 5. A man dies leaving an | $78, how much is that an estate of $35000; the demands acre? against the estate are $1254. 65; the remainder, after deducting a legacy of $3075, is divided equally among his 6 sons; what is each son's share? Ans. $5111.725. 6. If 12 acres of land cost 8. $2 how much? Ans. $0.006. 9. $81+935-how much? MISCELLANEOUS QUESTIONS. 1. From 2 take 0.16289. Ans. 1.83711. 2. At 12 cents a pound, what will 87 lb. of butter cost? Ans. $10.87. 3. If a person spend $100 a year, how much is that a day? Ans. $0.273. 4. How much sugar at 12| cents a pound can be bought for $15.50? Ans. 124 lb. 5. A owes B $15.58, and is 6. If buttons be 9 cents a dozen, what are they a piece? Ans. $0.0075. 7. The President of the United States receives $25000 a year; how much is that a day? Ans. $68.493. 8. A man buys a chest of tea weighing 40 lb. for $35; at what price per pound must he sell it to gain $10 on the whole? Ans. $1.125. 9. If 6s. make one dollar, how many dollars in 458.? $7.50. 10. What is the quotient of 2 millionths divided by 1 million ? Ans. 0.000000000002. 11. What is the difference between 4 cts. and 7 mills and $10? Ans. $9.953. | 13. Ans. 451 ANSON BOWER Bought of Russell Down, 8 yds. of Calico, at $0.17 1.445 54 yds. of Baize, at $0.28 13 lb. of Raisins, at $0.14 1.47 1.82 REVIEW. 1. How has the foot usually been divided? 2. What are the inconveniences of these divisions? 3. What would be a more convenient division? 4. How might these divisions be managed? 5. What name is given to numbers, which express parts in this manner?(114) 6. How are decimals distinguished from integers? What are integers? 7. How would you write 12 fect and 3 tenths? 8. Have figures in decimals a local value? Upon what does it de pend? 9. What is the law by which they diminish?(115) 10. In what does the enunciation of decimals differ from that of whole numbers? 11. Do ciphers on the right hand of decimals alter their value? What does each additional cipher indicate?(116) 12. What effect have ciphers on the left hand of decimals? Why? 13. What are numbers made up of integers and decimals called?(114 14. From what is the word decimal derived? A. From decimus, (Latin) which signifies tenth. 16. What is the rule for the mul tiplication of decimals? What the rule for pointing? 17. What effect has multiplication by a decimal? Explain by example and diagram. 18. What is the rule for the subtraction of decimals? For the division of decimals? 19. What is the rule for pointing in each? 20. What is to be done if there are not so many figures in the quotient as the number of decimals required? 21. When the decimal places in the divisor exceed those in the dividend, what is to be done? 22. When there is a remainder after division, how do you proceed? 23. What does a vulgar fraction denote?[129] Explain by example. 24. How then can you change a vulgar fraction to a decimal? 25. What is Federal Money? 26. What is the Table? [p.38.1 27. Which is the unit money? 28. How may the lower denominations be regarded? Explain by example; and also the different methods of reading the same. 29. How then may Federal Money be regarded? 30. How is it denoted? 31. What is the rule for the Ad 15. What is the rule for the addi-dition of Federal Money?-for Multion of decimals? Where must the tiplication?-for Subtraction?-for decimal point be placed? Division of Federal Money? SECTION IV. COMPOUND, OR COMPLEX, NUMBERS. 137. Numbers are called Compound or Complex, when they contain units of different kinds, as pounds, shillings, pence and farthings; years, days, hours, minutes and seconds, &c. 4 1 TABLES OF COMPOUND NUMBERS. Money.* 1. FEDERAL MONEY. Denoted by $. 10 mills, m. make 1 cent, ct. 1 dime, d. mills 10 cents 1 dimes dolls. eagle. 1 dollar, dol. 1 eagle, E. 1 qrs. pence 1 shill. pound. 1 48 12 1 960 240 20 *The above denominations of Federal Money are authorized by the laws of the United States, but in the transaction of business we seldom hear any of them mentioned but dollars and cents. A coin is a piece of money stamped, and having a legal value. The coins of the United States are three of gold; the eagle, half-eagle, and quarter-eagle; five of silver, the dollar, half-dollar, quarter-dollar, dime, and half-dime; and two of copper, the cent and half-cent. Of the small foreign coins current in the United States, the most common are the NewEngland four pence half penny, or New-York sixpence, worth 64 cents; and the New-England ninepence, or New-York shilling, worth 12 cents. The value of the several denominations of English money is different in different places. A dollar is reckoned at 4s. 6d. in England, 58. in Canada, 6s. in New-England, Virginia and Kentucky, 8s. in New-York, Ohio and North-Carolina, 7s. 6d. in Pennsylvania, New-Jersey, Delaware and Maryland, and 4s. 8d. in South-Carolina and Georgia. The year is commonly divided into 12 months, as in the following table, called Calendar months: No. D. No.Days. March 3 31 June 6 30 September 9 30 December 12 .31 Another day is added to February every fourth year, making 29 days in that month, and 366 in the year. Such years are called Bissextile, or Leap year. To know whether any year is a common or leap year, divide it by 4; if nothing remain, it is leap year; but if 1, 2 or 3 remain, it is 1st, 2d or 3d after leap year. The number of days in the several months may Le called to mind by the following verse: Thirty days hath September, . All the rest have thirty-one, Excepting February alone, Which hath twenty-eight, nay more, Hath twenty-nine one year in four. The true solar year consists of 365 days, 5 h. 48 m. 57 s. or nearly to 365 days. A common year is 365 days, and one year is added in Leap years to make up the loss of 4 of a day in each of the three preceding years. This method of reckoning was ordered by Julius Cæsar, 40 years before the birth of Christ, and is called the Julian account, or Old Style But as the true year fell 11 m. 3 s. short of 3654 days, the addition of a This amounted to day every fourth year was too much by 44 m. 12 s. one day in about 130 years. To correct this error, Pope Gregory, in 1582, ordered that ten days should be struck out of the calendar, by call ing the 5th of October the 15th; and to prevent its recurrence, he ordered that each succeeding century, divisible by 4, as 16 hundred, 20 hundred, ard 24 hundred, should be Leap vears, but that the centuries not divisible by 4, as 17 hundred, 18 hundred, and 19 hundred, should be common years. This reckoning is called the Gregorian or New Style. The New Style differs now twelve days from the old style. *The original standard of all our weights was a corn of wheat, taken from the middle of the ear, and weil dried. These were called grains, and 32 of them made one pennyweight. But it was afterwards thought sufficient to divide this same pennyweight into 24 equal parts, still calling the parts grains, and these are the basis of the table of Troy weight, by which are weighed gold, silver and jewelry. Apothecaries' weight is the same as Troy weight, only having different divisions between grains and ounces. Apothecaries make use of this weight in compounding their medicines, but they buy and sell their drugs by Avoirdupois weight. In buying and selling coarse and drossy articles, it became customary to allow a greater weight than that used for small and precious articles, and this custom at length established the Avoirdupois, or common weight, by which all articles are now weighed, with the foregoing exceptions. Avoirdupois weight is about one sixth part more than Troy weight, a pound of the former being 7000 grains, and of the latter 5760 grains. In buying and selling by the hundred weight, 28 pounds have been called a quarter, and 112 pounds a cwt. but this practice of grossing, as it is called, is now pretty generally laid aside, and 25 pounds are considered a quart and 4 quarters, or 100 pounds, a hundred weight, |