necessary (iii. 3. 42), unavoidable. O.F. necessaire, Lat. necessarius. This is the proper Latin sense; but Shakespeare also uses the word in the looser modern sense of 'needful '-useful, but not indispensable.

new-fangled (iv. 1. 132), fond of what is new. The d is an excrescence. M.E. newe-fangel, O. E. newe + fangel, <fang-, to seize = In ready to seize what is new. Md. E. the word is commonly used of things, and simply = 'novel'. O. F. nice (iv. 1. 14), finical. nice, simple, Lat. nescius, ignoThe regular M. E. meaning is 'foolish'; in E.E. (1) of persons, fastidious', (2) of things, 'finedrawn'-whence the ordinary modern meaning of pleasant. curious change of meaning may be due to confusion with nesh, soft, delicate, dainty-a word still preserved in Lancashire dialect.

rant.

The

owe (iii. 2. 66), possess-i.e. bear (hate to no man). O.E. ág, áh, possess. The modern sense of 'obligation' may be paralleled by the sense of 'compulsion' which attaches to have in "I have to do so and so".

pageant (ii. 7. 138, &c.), show. M.E. pagent, lit. scaffold, stage< Lat. pagina ('page'), in the sense of 'platform'.

pantaloon (ii. 7. 158), dotard. An Italian loan-word, late 16th century.

Italian comedy the pantalone was an amorous old dotard who was the butt of the piece.

parcels (iii. 5. 124), small parts. The original sense is simply 'portions'. F. parcelle, Lat. particella, dim. of pars, a part.

pathetical (iv. 1. 167). O.F. pathetique, through Lat. from Gk. παθητικός, passionate < πάθος, suffering. For Shakespeare's curious use of it, see note ad loc.

peevish (iii. 5. 109), forward. M.E. peuisch, ill-natured. In M.E. and E.E. the meaning ranges from childish' to 'wayward', even 'witty'. (Derivation obscure; probably echoic).

point-device (iii. 2. 358), precise. Short for at point-device with (Chaucer has limmes wrought at point device": Rom, of the Rose, 830); a translation of O.F. à point devis, according to a point devised, i.e. in the best way imaginable.

power (v. 4. 146), force. <O.F. povoir, Late Lat. potere = posse, to be able. The inf. used as a concrete noun; cf. M. E. maegen.

practise (i. 1. 128), plot. F. practiquer, from practique, experience, through Lat. from Gk. Tęα, practical (science) < gάTTE, to do. The verb always has a bad sense in Shakespeare.

priser (ii. 3. 8), prize-fighter or wrestler. In either case from F. prise, seizing, p. part. fem. of prendre, Lat. prehendere, to seize.

F.

promise (i. 2. 118), assure. promesse, Lat. promissa, p. part. of promittere. In this sense only in the phrase, "I promise you". proper (i. 2. 102, &c.), handM. E. and F. propre, Lat. proprium, one's own. Hence 'suitable', 'just', and (externally) ' comely'.

puisny (iii. 4. 37), unskilful. O.F. puisné, (F. puîné, younger),

< Lat. post-natum, born after.
Same word as puny. For the
spelling, cf. "puisne judge".

puke (ii. 7. 144), vomit. Perhaps
for spuke, cf. spew, and Ger.
spuken, to spit.

purchase (iii. 2. 322), acquire.
M.E. pourchasen, to acquire, O.F.
purchaser, to pursue. Now of ac-
quiring by payment; but in law all
land other than inherited is still
said to be acquired by 'purchase'.

purgation (i. 3. 46; v. 4. 42), ex-
culpation. F. purgation, Lat. pur-
gation-em, purgare, to cleanse.
A legal word, used properly by the
Duke, and improperly by Touch-

stone: see note.

roynish (ii. 2. 8), scurvy. M.E.
roignous, royne, O. F. roineux,
roigne, the mange.

sad (iii. 2. 145), serious. O. E.
saed, sated. In M. E. and even in
E. E. the sense is much wider than
now, ranging from 'serious' to
'solid'.

A

sans (ii. 7. 166), without.
French word, borrowed about 1350,
and originally used in French
phrases only-sans faille, sans
doute, &c. Quite Anglicized at
one time, but now gone out.

savage (ii. 6. 6), wild-without
any notion of 'ferocity'. Lit.
'living in the woods', M. E. sauv-
age, salvage, O.F. salvage, Lat.
silvaticum < silva, a wood.

shrewd (v. 4. 163), hard, bitter.
Properly p. part. of shrewen, to
curse, schrewe, bad. The funda-
mental sense is 'biting', as in
'shrew-mouse', and this is still
felt in E. E.

smother (i. 2. 253), suffocating
smoke. M.E. smorthen, < O.E.
smorian, to stifle, Scotch smore.

sooth (iii. 2. 364), truth. In
E.E. also an adj., and this is the
original sense: M. E. sōth, O. E.
so, true; the neuter being used as
a subst. a true thing.

speed (i. 2. 177), good fortune.
O.E. spéd.

squandering (ii. 7. 57), hap-
hazard. A nasalized form of the
echoic squatter (Sc.), originally to
scatter. Now confined to scatter-
ing money.

stanzo (ii. 5. 16), stanza. An
Italian loan-word, still new to
Shakespeare's ear; Low Lat. stan-
tia, an abode, < stare, to stand:
hence, a pause in verse.

suit (i. 2. 212), see note. F.

suite, "a chase... also the train,
attendants, or followers of a great
person" (Cotgrave); Lat. secta <
sequi, to follow.

swashing (i. 3. 113), swagger-
ing. Probably echoic, from the
sound of a noisy blow.

synod (iii. 2. 147), council.
Through F. and Lat. from Gk.
úvodos, meeting, < σúvódós, way.
The word is now confined to ec-
clesiastical councils, and in Shake-
speare, five times out of six, it is
used of councils of the gods.

is supposed to be found, is only a
guess of Malone's.]

uncouth (ii. 6. 6), strange. Lit.
'unknown', O.E. uncúd < un +
cúð, p. part. of cunnan, to know,
cf. Sc. unco.

vents (ii. 7. 41), utters. Probably
<Fr. vendre, Lat. vendere, to sell;
but affected by (1) vent, to breathe
< Lat. ventum, wind; (2) vent, a
hole Lat. findere, to split.

videlicet (iv. 1. 83), namely. A
Lat. loan-word, used with affected
precision by Rosalind, and familiar
in the contraction viz.

villain (i. 1. 50, 49), (1) a base.
born person, (2) a scoundrel. O.F.
vilein, servile, Low Lat. villanus,
farm-servant, <villa, farm-house,
For the degradation of meaning
cf. churl.