out in the water, by supporting its shoulders at first either by the hand or a folded towel. (Note that we are not speaking of teaching a child to swim, but of accustoming a young child to the water.) Little by little it will become accustomed to frolicking in the water with tumbles and submergings, and all that, so that if not out of its depth it takes all these mishaps as composedly as if in a bath-tub. When this self-command is gained, even if the child has not yet learned to swim, the majority of accidents will have been rendered harmless. Rescue from Drowning. But what is to be done if a child has been out of its depth, or by any means has been apparently drowned? Here precise knowledge and prompt action are all in all. We advise all our readers to take the necessary time to familiarize themselves thoroughly with the following. We can never tell at what moment we may be called upon to make practical use of such information, for benefit of the children of others, if not of our own. There are many methods of resuscitation, varying chiefly in their modes of performing artificial respiration. The following, which was first made known to the public, so far as we know, by the State Board of Health of Michigan, has been quite generally approved, and seems to us to be as easily understood as any, and more easily applied to a child by a woman than most plans. In the drawing the operator is made a man, as the dress permits the pose of the limbs, particularly the supporting of the elbows by the knees, to be better seen: FIRST.-Remove all Obstructions to Breathing. Instantly loosen or cut apart all neck and waist bands. Turn the patient on his face, with the head down hill; stand astride the hips with your face towards his head, and, locking your fingers together under his belly, raise the body as high as you can without lifting the forehead off the ground (Fig. 1), and give the body a smart jerk to remove mucus from the throat and water from the windpipe; hold the body suspended long rh to slowly count ONE, TWO, THREE, FOUR, FIVE, repeating the jerk more gently two or three times. SECOND.-Place the patient face downward, and maintaining all the while your position astride the body, grasp the points of the shoulders FIG. 1. by the clothing, or, if the body is naked, thrust your fingers into the armpits, clasping your thumbs over the points of the shoulders, and raise the chest as high as you can (Fig. 2) without lifting the head quite off the ground, and hold it long enough to slowly count ONE, TWO, THREE. Replace him on the ground, with his forehead on his flexed arm, the neck straightened out, and the mouth and nose free. (Fig. 3.) Place your elbows against your knees and your hands upon the sides of his chest over the lower ribs, and press downward and inward with increasing force long enough to slowly count ONE, TWO. Then sud FIG. 2. denly let go, grasp the shoulders as before and raise the chest (Fig. 2); then press upon the ribs, etc. (Fig. 3). These alternate movements should be repeated 10 to 15 times a minute for an hour at least, unless breathing is restored sooner. Use the same regularity as in natural breathing. THIRD.-After breathing has commenced, RESTORE THE ANIMAL HEAT. Wrap him in warm FIG. 3. blankets, apply bottles of hot water, hot bricks, or anything to restore heat. Warm the head nearly as fast as the body lest convulsions come on. Rubbing the body with warm cloths or the hand, and slapping the fleshy parts, may assist to restore warmth, and the breathing also. If the patient can SURELY swallow, give hot coffee, tea, milk, or a little hot sling. Give spirits sparingly, lest they produce depression. Place the patient in a warm bed, give him plenty of fresh air, and keep him quiet. AVOID DELAY. A MOMENT may turn the scale for life or death. Dry ground, shelter, Do not stop to remove wet clothing before efforts are made to restore breathing. Precious time is wasted, and the patient may be fatally chilled by the exposure of the naked body, even in the summer. Give all your attention and effort to restore breathing by forcing air into and out of the lungs. If the breathing has just ceased, a smart slap on the face, or a vigorous twist of the hair will sometimes start it again, and may be tried incidentally, as may also pressing the finger upon the root of the tongue. Before natural breathing is fully restored, do not let the patient lie on his back unless some person holds the tongue forward, which may be done with a towel or handherchief. The tongue by falling back may close the windpipe and cause fatal choking. If several persons are present, one may hold the head steady, keeping the neck nearly straight; others may remove wet clothing, replacing at once clothing which is dry and warm; they may also chafe the limbs, and thus promote circulation. Prevent friends from crowding around the patient and excluding fresh air. DO NOT GIVE UP TOO SOON. You are working for life. Any time within two hours you may be on the very threshold of success without there being any sign of it. A HIVES. BY GEORGE THOMAS JACKSON, M.D. Visiting Dermatologist to the Randall's Island Hospital, etc, New York City. LITTLE six year old patient of mine discovered, on going to bed, that his legs were covered with big red blotches. He called his mother to him in great alarm, and said in a scared tone, “Mamma, I am afraid that I've got the leprosy." You see the little fellow was well instructed in Biblical matters. "Oh, no! my dear," the mother replied, "You have only hives." "Well," said he, "my Sunday book speaks of leprosy coming out in blotches, and I thought I had it." A two years' old boy was brought to me last fall by his mother on account of “blotches left by bites of fleas," to see if I could do anything to hasten their disappearance. Inquiry showed that these blotches had appeared during a number of months, a few coming out each night, causing the youngster In Hives is in most cases of small importance, going away as rapidly as it comes. some cases, however, it is of more serious import, and does not tend to get well so quickly. It is my object in this paper to give the characteristic symptoms of the disorder, so that it may be recognized and distinguished from other diseases; to state its causes, and to give some simple directions as to treatment. It is not my object to tell how to care for obstinate and chronic cases; such should be intrusted to a physician's care. upon large patches of reddened skin. On the other hand, a number of large wheals may come out close to each other, and running together form very extensive irregularlyshaped elevated figures. No matter which form the eruption takes, if the separate lesions are raised above the surface of the skin, are more or less hard or elastic to the touch, have a red base, itch and burn, and come and go within a few hours, the disease is hives. Hives may attack any part of the body, or may come out at once over the whole cutaneous surface. It may last for only a few hours, or for a day or so. Or it may become chronic and continue for months, as in the case given in the first part of this paper. Whether of short or long duration the life of each separate lesion is short, a few hours at furthest, though a discolored spot may remain for a day or so where the wheal was. The chronic cases are kept up by a successive outbreak of new wheals. The duration of the disease will depend upon its cause and the removability of the same. The eruption is specially apt to appear at night when the child is being undressed or is warm in bed. After it has existed for a few days the A popular but mistaken name for hives is "nettle rash." If you should strike your bare skin with the common nettle that grows by the wayside, and you doubtless have done so quite involuntarily at some time, you would❘ immediately experience a stinging sensation in the part struck. Your attention having been thus drawn to the part, you would notice a number of hard, whitish, little or big lumps, in a patch of red skin. To the stinging sensation one of itching would succeed. In a few hours at the furthest all disturbance | skin will show many scratch marks. In fact would cease and the skin return to its usual condition. This is true nettle rash, and is due to some undetermined liquid poison contained in the sting of the nettle. Hives is exceedingly common during childhood, and sometimes causes unnecessary alarm by its violent onset. The eruption assumes various forms, but is always marked by two peculiar circumstances, namely, by more or less intense itching, and by the sudden appearance and disappearance of the lumps, technically called wheals. A typical case presents white wheals of almost porcelain appearance, around which are red rings, the wheals being about the size of the nail of the little finger. The white color changes to red. In many cases the wheals will be red or pink instead of white. All will have the red halo. In some cases instead of these large lumps the wheals will occur as pin-head to split-pea sized, reddish elevations of the skin, which appear in great numbers very often these scratch marks are all that is to be seen during the day, the wheals coming only at night. Besides the eruption, many children will show signs of not being well. These may consist simply in slightly marked dark circles under the eyes, a furred tongue, and some listlessness or irritability. Or we may meet with high fever, accompanied by vomiting and other symptoms of disturbance of the stomach. These symptoms may precede the eruption for a day or two. Sometimes the stomach symptoms and the eruption may alternate. In not a few cases the child will show no symptom of general disorder; but in nearly all cases careful inquiry will discover some disgestive disorder, such as a furred tongue, bad breath, constipated bowels, or slight headache. The chief cause of hives in children is some disturbance of the stomach or bowels. This may be due to a long course of improper diet, or to the eating of some particular food that disagrees with the particular child. It is impossible to tell beforehand what food may produce the digestive disturbance that causes the eruption. We know that fish and shell fish, as oysters, crabs and clams; some kinds of meat, such as pork and sausage; certain fruits, such as nuts, and even strawberries, and mushrooms are prone to produce the eruption. It seems to be a matter of individual predisposition; what will cause an outbreak of hives in one person will not do it in another. The chief cause of chronic hives is an improper diet. The impropriety may consist either in the food being indigestible of itself or being inappropriate to the age of the child. Bad cooking is not infrequently at the bottom of the trouble. The treatment of hives, when due to external causes, such as the sting of the nettle or of the jelly fish, is the use, on the part affected, of an alkaline wash, such as a teaspoonful of baking soda to a basin of water, followed by any indifferent powder such as corn starch. When an attack begins with symptoms of acute indigestion with high fever, you will have a physician in attendance, and he will say what to do. If the eruption appears without any particular constitutional disturbance you will always do well to administer any domestic cathartic remedy, such as castor oil, or Rochelle salts. The standard mixture of rhubarb and soda is also excellent. The administration of a cathartic is the first thing to be done, so as to sweep out from the intestinal tract any irritating substance that may be there. The local treatment of the disease, though not so important as the general treatment, is of great use. The scratching induced by the itching irritates the already irritable skin and brings out new lesions. To relieve the itching, bathing the affected parts with warm soda and water, followed by the free use of any simple powder, such as corn starch or flour, will be found useful. In some cases the alkali will not relieve as promptly as will an acid, and here vinegar will be found useful. If the eruption is general over the whole body, a full bath of warm water, not hot, will be grateful to the patient. To the bath should be added baking soda in the proportion of about a quarter of a pound to a bath of thirty gallons of water. In drying the child's skin, whether a local or a general bath has been used, care should be exercised to tap the part dry, and not to rub it. The easiest and best way is to wrap the child up in a warm sheet just as he leaves the water. This is done because vigorous rubbing would irritate the skin and make matters worse. A warm alkaline bath, followed by the free use of a dusting powder after the skin has been gently dried, will usually secure the child a quiet night. If by the use of these domestic remedies the disease is not promptly cured, then you should seek medical advice, always remembering that while hives is in the vast majority of cases a trivial disease, there are some cases that will prove very obstinate. These chronic cases, by constantly disturbing the child's sleep, will react upon its already deteriorated health, and unless properly treated will soon leave you with a poor, sick, unhappy baby. For chronic hives you should seek your physician's advice, as the disease is often so exceedingly obstinate as to tax the best medical skill. M THE KINDERGARTEN ON THE FARM.-VI. BY ADELE OBERNDORF. UCH of our country children's time during all seasons may be spent in the orchard, where with judicious management they can do much good to it and to themselves. We can always find work there, and, as the trees afford a pleasant shade, and the smooth turf in an old orchard is the nicest carpet to sit or play on, we will often go there for recreation also. Until the sward is well established in an orchard, there always is (especially in a new country) a great battle to be fought with the weeds. "Come, children, let us get some nice green food for our rabbits (or other pets) this morning; they like a variety on their breakfast table as well as we do, so we will not only cut grass and clover, but uproot some dandelions, thistles, milkweeds, sunflowers or any other plants that we can find. You see, my little girls and boys, these weeds don't look well here among the grass. We will try to get rid of them, for we do not want our orchard to look as if no one were caring for it, and our little pets will be so glad of this nice food." If the children have no animals that are especially kept for their pets, they may make the pigs happy with their load of weeds, or lay them around young trees for mulching. When we have entirely cleared a space, say a square between four trees, let the little ones look at it and compare it with the rest of the ground that is still full of weeds, and they will be pleased to see the result of their labor, and will not object to getting the food for their pets in this way often. Little hands may become quite expert in pulling up weeds, and the removal of a few hundred each day certainly does some good even in a large orchard. All through the summer and autumn there are unripe apples dropping from the trees; these should be gathered instead of being left, as we so often see, to rot on the ground, breeding insects and hindering our free and easy walk through the orchard. If this work be done about twice a week it is usually not a severe task, unless the orchard be very large, and children are best able to do it. But it is tiresome and uninteresting work, therefore much skill must be exercised on the part of the educator in order to have it achieved without grumbling and dissatisfaction. A diversity of means and ways may be devised, such as this: "Get ready your little wagon, children; you may go with mamma to see if we can find some nice apples for pies, and some summer apples, peaches and pears for us all to eat raw." When we have gathered as many as we want of these, we discover that much fruit is wasting on the ground, and wish the pigs had it to eat. "How many apples do you think are lying under this tree?" Each child, and then mother herself will guess the number. "Let us count the apples while picking them up and see how often each one of us will be nearest right." If any of the children have not learned to count, they may guess how large a basket or how many baskets of a certain size the apples will fill. In this way our children may often be kept busy for half an hour or more without realizing that they are working at all, and when they do, a word of praise for helping to keep the farm in order and adding to its beauty is often sufficient to stimulate their renewed efforts. The more important we represent their work to be the more willing we shall find them to do it. If you wish to reward your little ones for |