Quebec-Who was the Father of Confederation ?-Meeting in LondonBritish Statesmen Support the Policy of Union-Its Necessity and Desirability-A Crisis in British Colonial History-The Influence of John A. Macdonald-Debates in the Canadian Legislature-Attitude of Cartier and Dorion in Lower Canada-Of Howe, and Tupper and Tilley in the Maritime Provinces-Of McGee, and Galt and George Brown in the Canadas-Accomplishment of the Policy and Birth of the Dominion of Canada..

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CHAPTER XVIII

The Completing Confederation

The Situation of Affairs on July 1, 1867-Sir John Macdonald Forms the first Dominion Government-A Nominal Coalition-Organization of a new Administrative System-Purchase of Rupert's Land and Creation of Manitoba-The Insurrection at Fort Garry-Wolseley and Riel-The Admission of Manitoba to the Union-Organization of the TerritoriesAdmission of British Columbia-Prince Edward Island also Comes in— The Federal Situation in Nova Scotia and its Solution . .

360

CHAPTER XIX

The Treaty of Washington

Relations with the United States after the Abrogation of the Reciprocity
Treaty The Joint High Commission of 1871-Its Composition and
Objects-Sir John Macdonald's Difficult Position-The Fenian Raid
Claims and Canadian Fisheries-Conclusion of the Treaty Opinion in
Canada and its Ultimate Passage through Parliament-Important Issues
Involved-The Patriotic Attitude of Canada-Relations of Great Britain
and the United States

.

CHAPTER XX

Political Questions and Development

The Party System in the New Dominion-Changes and Transformations-
Policy of Sir John A. Macdonald-Disappearance of Old Issues-The
Provinces in New Clothes-Their Ministers and Parties-Complications
Between the Dominion and Provincial Authorities-Improvement in
Parliament and Politics-Broader Views and Bigger Minds-Position
and Character of the Governors-General-The Joly Question in Quebec
-The General Elections of 1872 and 1874

380

394

CHAPTER XXI

The National Policy of Protection

Fiscal Relations of the New Dominion with the United States-Change in Conditions-The Tariff Remains at a Revenue Level-Industrial Competition and Growing Depression in Canada-A Protective Tariff Advocated-Sir John Macdonald Takes Up the Question-Resolutions in the House of Commons-Opposed by the Government-General Election of 1878-Victory of the Conservatives-The Macdonald Ministry and its Policy The "N. P." Tariff passes Parliament in 1879-Principles of Protection in Canada-Its Ups and Downs and Final Acceptance by all Parties.

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418

CHAPTER XXII

Construction of the Canadian Pacific Railway

The Principle of a Continental Highway and its Early Advocates—The Pledge
to British Columbia-The Promoters of 1872 and their Troubles-Mr.
Mackenzie and the Policy of His Government-The Syndicate of 1880-
Sir Charles Tupper takes Up the Question-The Macdonald Govern-
ment Presses the Final Contract through Parliament-Building of the
Great Railway-Difficulties and Obstacles-George Stephen and Donald
A. Smith-Triumph of the Company and Completion of the Railway—
A Great Undertaking and its Importance to Canada .

CHAPTER XXIII

The Northwest and the Rebellion of 1885

The People and Position of the Territories-Causes of the Insurrection-
Appearance of Louis Riel on the Scene-The Indians and the Half-breeds
-Policy of the Government-Breaking out of the Rebellion-Troops
Hurried from all Parts of Canada to the Banks of the Saskatchewan-—
General Middleton as a Commander-Success of his Tactics and Ulti-
mate Triumph of his Political Adversaries-Conflicts at Fish Creek,
Cut-Knife and Batoche-Capture and Execution of Riel-Results of the
Rising

CHAPTER XXIV

Quebec and the Jesuits Estates Question Political Issues in Quebec and the Position of the Church-The Habitant and the Clergy-Twenty Years of Conservative Success-The Rise and Diverse Characteristics of Mercier and Laurier-The Riel Question and the People of Quebec-Position of Chapleau, Langevin and Caron

430

449

Triumph of Mercier in Provincial Politics and of Chapleau in the Dominion Elections-Genesis of the Jesuits Estates-Appeal to the Pope -Passage of the Grant to the Jesuits-Agitation in Ontario and Birth of the Equal Rights party-Refusal of the Dominion Government to interfere with the Legislation-D' Alton McCarthy and the "Noble Thirteen "A Very Living Question for a Time-Its Decay and the Fall of Mercier in Quebec .

CHAPTER XXV

Trade and Tariffs and Unrestricted Reciprocity The Progress of Canadian Trade Popularity of Protection-Changes in Liberal Tariff Policy-Mackenzie, Blake and Laurier in this Connection -Natural Pessimism of the Opposition-Erastus Wiman Appears on the Scene in 1887-Sir Richard Cartwright, Goldwin Smith and the. New Scheme of Commercial Union, or Unrestricted Reciprocity-Progress of the Movement in Parliament and the Country-American Versus British Relations at Issue-The Elections of 1891-Manifestoes of Sir John Macdonald and Wilfrid Laurier-The Hottest Contest in Canadian History-The New Proposals Defeated-Gradual Decay of the Idea and its Final Disappearance in the Elections of 1896.

CHAPTER XXVI

Manitoba and the School Question

Progress of Manitoba After its Union with Canada-Material Interests the Chief Concern of its Scattered People-Education Finds an Important Place Separate Schools and the Roman Catholic Population-Position of Archbishop Taché-Legislation and the Schools-Joseph Martin Advocates "National" Schools-Abolition in 1890 of the Existing System-Catholic Appeals to the Courts and to the Judicial Committee in London-Decisions of the Latter Body and Appeal to the GovernorGeneral-in-Council-Excitement amongst French Canadians and Ontario Orangemen-Difficult Position of the Dominion Government-The Remedial Order-Attitude of Sir M. Bowell and Sir C. Tupper-Of Mr. Laurier and the Opposition-Position of the Hierarchy-Political Conflict and Confusion-The Elections of 1896 and the Policy of the New Government

.

CHAPTER XXVII

The South African War and Imperialism in Canada Position of Canada in the Empire-Responsibilities not Always Recognized— The Outbreak of the War-Popular Opinion in the Colonies-Influence

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471

491

518

of the Imperial Federation League-Precedents for Sending the Contin-
gents-History of their Despatch-Patriotic Enthusiasm of the People-
Position of Lord Minto, Sir W. Laurier and Sir C. Tupper-Major-Gene-
ral Hutton and the Militia-The Colonial Office and Canada-Gallantry
of Canadian Troops in South Africa-Growth of British Sentiment in
Canada-Attitude of Quebec and Mr. J. Israel Tarte-Possible Results
of the War and of Colonial Participation-A New Empire and a Greater
Canada .

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541

CHAPTER XXVIII

A Review of Popular Progress

Growth of Internal Liberty and the Practice of Self-government-The Old-
Time Legislatures and the New-French-Canadians and British Institu-
tions-The Toryism of 1800 and the Democracy of 1900-Extension of
Education-Journalism and Literature-The Churches and Religion-
Growth of the Principles of Toleration-The People and their Social
Progress-Development of Patriotism-The Militia and its Growth-Out
of Provincialism into Nationality-Canada for Canadians Within the
Empire..

562

CHAPTER XXIX

The Growth of National Prosperity

Trade Between the Provinces-Industrial Expansion-Growth of the Northwest-Wheat Upon the Prairies-Cattle in the Territories-Mineral Wealth of British Columbia and the Yukon-Agriculture and the Position of the Farmer-Mining in Ontario and Nova Scotia-Commercial Expansion-Progress of Canals, Railways and Steamship Lines-Shipping, Banking and Fisheries-Competition and General Progress .

CHAPTER XXX

External Relations of the Dominion

Treaties between Great Britain and the United States-Those of 1783 and
1818-A General Review of the Relations and Mutual Interests of the
United Kingdom, Canada and the American Republic-Treaties which
Have Failed-Fisheries and Reciprocity-The Behring Sea Arbitration
-Canada, Venezuela and the Monroe Doctrine-The Alaska Boundary
-American Efforts at Annexation-Canadian Opinion upon the Subject
-Feeling Toward the Mother-land-Past Complexities in the Situation
-The Present View and Probable Future . .

597

620