Command Or Control?: Command, Training and Tactics in the British and German Armies, 1888-1918Statistical analysis in the 1970s by Colonel Trevor Dupuy of battles in the First World War demonstrated that the German Army enjoyed a consistent 20 per cent superiority in combat effectiveness over the British Army during that war, a superiority that had been asserted in the 1930s by Captain Graeme Wynne. In attempting to explain that advantage, this book follows the theory that such combat superiority can be understood best by means of a comparative study of the armies concerned, proposing that the German Army's superiority was due as much to poor performance by the British Army as to its own high performance. The book also suggests that the key difference between the two armies at this time was one of philosophy. The German Army saw combat as inherently chaotic: to achieve high combat effectiveness it was necessary to decentralise command, ensure a high standard of individual combat skill and adopt flexible tactical systems. The British Army, however, believed combat to be inherently structured: combat effectiveness was deemed to lie in the maintenance of order and symmetry, through centralised decision-making, training focused on developing unthinking obedience and the use of rigid tactics. An examination of the General Staff systems, the development of minor tactics and the evolution of defensive doctrines in both armies tests these hypotheses, while case studies of the battles of Thiepval and St Quentin reveal that both forces contained elements that supported the contrary philosophy to the majority. In the German Army, there was continual rear-guard action against flexibility, with the General Staff itself becoming increasingly narrow in outlook. In the British Army, severalattempts were made to adopt German practices, but misunderstanding and opposition distorted these, as when the system of directive control itself was converted into that of umpiring. |
Contents
Directive Command and the German General Staff | 7 |
The British General Staff and Umpiring | 34 |
From Stosstaktik to Stosstrupptaktik | 61 |
Restrictive Control and Timetable Tactics | 94 |
The Battle of Thiepval 1 July 1916 | 124 |
The Evolution of Elastic Defence | 158 |
Blob Defence | 198 |
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Command Or Control?: Command, Training and Tactics in the British and German ... Martin Samuels No preview available - 1995 |
Common terms and phrases
36th Ulster 7th Division achieved action advance artillery fire assault squad tactics assault tactics batteries battle zone bombardment break-in break-out breakthrough Brigade British Army casualties combat command system Corps counterattack counterthrust decentralisation decisive Defence Scheme defensive system deployed directive command divisional commander Edmonds effective Eingreif divisions elastic defence emphasis enemy Fifth Army fight firepower forces formations forward zone front line garrison German Army German defensive German doctrine German General Staff Germany Attacks GHQ Memorandum grenade ground Haig Haig's heavy held Ibid importance indirect fire infantry initial Kaiser's Battle Lossberg Ludendorff machine guns manoeuvres manual metres military Moltke mortars NCOs Neuve Chapelle offensive Official History operations organisation penetration posts Prussian regiment reserve result rifle Schlieffen Schwaben Redoubt Schwerpunkt sector senior commanders soldiers Somme Staff College Staff officers strongpoints subordinates superiority Thiepval trench troops units weapons Western Front Wynne X Corps XVIII Corps